Which of the following is a risk factor for shoulder dystocia?

A previous history of shoulder dystocia is a well-established risk factor for experiencing shoulder dystocia in subsequent deliveries. This condition occurs when the fetal shoulder gets stuck behind the mother's pelvic bone during labor, and prior instances of this can increase the likelihood of recurrence. The underlying reasons could include factors such as maternal pelvic anatomy, fetal size, and obstetric management during labor that may contribute to similar conditions arising during subsequent deliveries.

Other associated risk factors might include obesity, prolonged second stage of labor, and larger fetal size, which may not directly correlate with the presence of cervical incompetence, multiple gestation, or gestational hypertension. These conditions, while having their own risk factors and complications, do not specifically heighten the likelihood of shoulder dystocia in the same way a prior occurrence does. Thus, recognizing the history of shoulder dystocia provides important insight into potential delivery challenges and informs the care plan for future pregnancies.